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writing for children
young adult fiction

What Is Middle-Grade Fiction and How Is It Different From YA?

Krystle Appiah. Former editor at Macmillan
Krystle Appiah
April 24, 2022
Krystle Appiah
Editor

Krystle Appiah was an Editor at Macmillan Children’s Books, home to authors including Marcus Rashford, Frank Cottrell-Boyce, Tomi Adeyemi, and Julia Donaldson. Krystle began her career at Walker Books, working with New York Times bestselling author Angie Thomas and on the Carnegie Medal-longlisted poetry collection Somebody Give This Heart a Pen by Sophia Thakur. During her time at Macmillan, Krystle worked on a broad range of children’s books, from Sir Lenny Henry’s The Boy with Wings to Padraig Kenny’s The Shadows of Rookhaven, while championing new authors and working toward greater diversity and inclusion. Krystle is also an author and screenwriter. She was one of 40 writers selected for the London Library’s Emerging Writers Programme, and her debut novel Rootless won the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Debut Author. She has a degree in English Literature and Creative Writing from the University of Kent.

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April 24, 2022

Middle-grade fiction is wonderful to write and incredibly fun to read. It’s diverse and vibrant, and middle-grade readers are ready for all kinds of adventures. But writing middle grade can also bring up many questions—when does a middle-grade novel veer into Young Adult fiction? And how do you know if you’re writing middle-grade stories, or a novel better suited to young adults?

It’s an important distinction to make, particularly if you’re hoping to pitch your books to literary agents or publishers. They need to know whether you’re targeting a middle-grade reader or have an older audience in mind—it’ll affect so much of the editing and marketing processes.

To help shed some light on the difference between middle-grade fiction and YA novels, we have Krystle Appiah, a member of our editorial team at The Novelry and our in-house specialist in children’s and YA fiction.

Krystle’s experience with stories for young readers

Before joining us, Krystle was an editor at Macmillan Children’s Books, a division of Macmillan and home to authors including Marcus Rashford, Frank Cottrell-Boyce, Tomi Adeyemi and Julia Donaldson. Krystle began her career at Walker Books, working on titles by New York Times bestselling author Angie Thomas and the Carnegie Medal-longlisted poetry collection Somebody Give This Heart a Pen by Sophia Thakur.

During her time at Pan Macmillan, Krystle worked on a broad range of children’s books, from Sir Lenny Henry’s The Boy With Wings to Pádraig Kenny’s The Shadows of Rookhaven, as well as championing new authors and working toward greater diversity and inclusion.

Krystle is also an author herself; her debut novel Rootless was published by The Borough Press in the U.K. and by Ballantine in the U.S. in 2023.

Here, Krystle outlines the key differences between middle-grade fiction and and Young Adult fiction.

What’s the difference between middle-grade fiction and YA fiction?

This question comes up a lot at The Novelry.

We’ve heard it in writing coaching calls, workshops, and feedback sessions, so if you’re not totally sure, you’re not the only one. No need to worry. We’ve heard your cry and are here to put the matter to rest.

We’ll go over the basics in this article, including how to tell if you’re writing middle-grade novels or something for young adults, as well as cultural shifts, themes and topics you should know about if you’re writing middle-grade fiction or Young Adult fiction. Hopefully, we’ll send you back to your novel with a whole bunch of reading recommendations and the tools you need to write well in your chosen age category.

It’s worth mentioning that I won’t be covering genre here. Middle-grade and YA books can be in any genre at all, from science fiction to historical. What makes a novel one or the other is most usually the age of your target reader, the themes in the story, and the voice. Let’s begin.

The basics

  • Middle grade is exactly what it says on the tin. The target age range of the audience for such books would be readers aged 8–12 (3rd grade to 6th grade in the U.S. school system, hence ‘middle grade.’ In the U.K. it’s also referred to as ‘junior fiction,’ but ‘middle grade’ is most common).
  • YA stands for Young Adult. The target age range of this audience is 14–18 (8th to 12th grade in the U.S.).

The eagle-eyed among you will notice I’ve jumped from 12 straight to 14. What about the 13-year-olds? Aren’t there any books aimed at them?

Yes, there are. ‘Teen’ is a separate category entirely, but often grouped together with YA. And the truth is, very much like my own teen years, books in this category fall into a bit of an awkward stage. Depending on the themes and reading level of your novel (we’ll come on to this in a minute), it’s normally a good idea to lean into middle grade or YA so the target audience is clearer.

Kids often read about characters who are slightly older than they are, and you don’t want it to feel too babyish for 14-year-olds or way too grown-up to 11-year-olds.

Middle-grade and YA novels are not only for young readers

Did you notice that I said ‘target audience’ above, not ‘readers’? In truth, we know readers of both middle grade and YA aren’t just children. Scroll through Twitter, TikTok and Goodreads, and you’ll see plenty of posts from readers in their twenties, thirties, forties and beyond.

And no, they aren’t secretly literary agents, editors, booksellers and other people who work in children’s books. There are plenty of everyday readers who just happen to love middle grade and YA.

a middle grade novel for early readers can be in many genres including science fiction or fantasy, such as harry potter

How can I tell if my book is middle-grade fiction or YA?

At a glance, the protagonist’s age is a big giveaway. Middle-grade characters that serve as protagonists are typically aged 10–12, and YA protagonists can be anywhere from 14–18, but most commonly 16–18.

Word count

A novel’s word count should also be a big clue.

As always, there are exceptions to every rule, but middle-grade books tend to be 30–50,000 words in length. YA tends to be 50–75,000 words. YA fantasy or science fiction might be longer, up to around 80–90,000 words.

Reading level

Reading abilities vary greatly between 8-year-olds and 18-year-olds. Therefore, the language used and the reading level need to be appropriate for the target audience.

A complicated, overly detailed sentence that spans five lines, made up of multiple clauses and filled with difficult jargon, wouldn’t be appropriate for middle-grade books. The sentences tend to be simpler so the average 8- or 9-year-old can read it independently.

Themes

We can’t hope to cover absolutely every theme in a short-ish post, so I’ve just pulled out a few themes that can be helpful markers.

Romance

Now, this is a biggie. Over the last decade or so, there’s been a very noticeable shift in the themes and topics that crop up in children’s books.

Gone are the days of the light-hearted, fluffy romance element in Young Adult fiction. Crushes and first kisses are now in middle-grade territory, and YA has become sexier, steamier and riskier.

Yes, YA characters still fall in love, but sex, sex scandals, teen pregnancy and sexual assault are just as likely to pop up. There’s a reason so much Young Adult fiction now comes with trigger warnings! Events that would’ve firmly been in the realm of adult fiction a decade or two ago are now commonplace in YA.

Jenni Hendriks’s novel Unpregnant follows two teenage girls who drive a thousand miles to get an abortion.

In Tiffany D. Jackson’s YA novel Grown, 17-year-old Enchanted is navigating a relationship with a much older man, until she wakes up covered in blood and beside his dead body and finds herself swiftly accused of his murder.

Korey is twenty-eight. I’m seventeen. That’s only... an eleven-year difference. When I’m eighteen, he’ll be twenty-nine... Beyoncé was eighteen when she met thirty-year-old Jay-Z. Mom is seven years younger than Daddy. It’s not that uncommon.
—Tiffany D. Jackson, Grown

Violence

That leads us nicely into the theme of violence. Countless YA books deal with graphic violence of all kinds, from self-harm to murder.

Believe me, Young Adult fiction can be dark. Here’s a line from Neal Shusterman’s Scythe:

The lead scythe pulled back a fold in his robe to display an entire collection of weapons neatly concealed beneath. Knives of various lengths. Guns. Other objects that the man didn’t even recognize.
—Neal Shusterman, Scythe

I’m going to cut it there to save you details of the killings that follow, but this is to show Young Adult fiction does not shy away from darkness and sometimes detailed descriptions of violence.

Whereas in middle-grade novels, violence is often limited to chase scenes, arguments and vague fight scenes. You’re far more likely to see pows! and blams! than read specific details or weapons.

The violence in both middle-grade books and YA fiction is rarely gratuitous or unnecessary, but it does come up.

Mental health

If your novel focuses on mental health issues, LGBTQIA+ and gender identities that are not part of your lived experience, please see this post about questions to ask yourself when it comes to representation.

Mental health is such a big part of children’s books. It pops up in children’s books for all ages, but the depictions of it vary and the types of mental health conditions that crop up can be anything from anxiety, OCD, eating disorders, depression, suicide, and everything else children today struggle with.

Lisa Thompson’s The Goldfish Boy features a protagonist with crippling OCD. Here’s a line from Matthew:

I’d been washing my hands. That’s what I’d been doing. They were never clean enough so I had to keep going back to try and get the germs off.
—Lisa Thompson, The Goldfish Boy

Did you guess that The Goldfish Boy is middle-grade fiction? What about this line from Jay Asher’s Thirteen Reasons Why?

I wrote a note to Mrs. Bradley that read: ‘Suicide. It’s something I’ve been thinking about. Not too seriously, but I have been thinking about it.’ ... But I was sure more people than just me had thought about it, right? So why not discuss it as a group? Or deep down, maybe there was more. Maybe I wanted someone to figure out who wrote the note and secretly come to my rescue.
—Jay Asher, Thirteen Reasons Why

Did you guess that Thirteen Reasons Why is YA? It centers on a group of teenagers in the aftermath of a fellow student’s suicide and the tapes she left behind, explaining the reasons why she committed suicide. Tough, right?

You see, in YA books, mental health, mental illness and the messiness of recovery often form the central question of a novel.

They tend to be heavier and more challenging depictions than middle-grade novels that explore the same themes.

LGBTQIA+ and gender identities

If your novel focuses on mental health issues, LGBTQIA+ and gender identities that are not part of your lived experience, please see this post about questions to ask yourself when it comes to representation.

There are plenty of YA and middle-grade books that feature characters with a broad range of genders and sexualities. A quick look at Morgan in Meredith Russo’s YA novel Birthday is a great example of this.

My thoughts drift to Mom and I wonder if I would have been able to tell her how I felt wrong in my own body, if she would have understood.
—Meredith Russo, Birthday

But there are also so many other books exploring the same themes, from Akwaeke Emezi’s Pet to Becky Albertalli’s Simon vs. the Homo Sapiens Agenda (also known as Love, Simon) and middle-grade books like Zenobia July, Both Can Be True and Better Nate Than Ever.


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Voice

Lastly, let’s talk about voice and perspective. I’m sure every reader, writer, agent and editor has their own way of thinking about this, but I like to say the protagonists in middle-grade fiction are exploring their world and reacting to the things that happen around them. YA protagonists, on the other hand, are reflecting, challenging and redefining the world and their place in it.

This comes across very clearly in the narrative voice. YA protagonists tend to be more reflective and have a greater sense of interiority than we see in a middle-grade voice. In other words, we see more of a character’s inner world, thoughts and feelings.

There’s plenty of emotion and inner world in middle-grade fiction too. Readers need to have a clear sense of why a character is acting in a certain way, but YA protagonists tend to (and I’d argue need to) really think about their actions, the consequences of their choices and the options available to them.

After all, the YA protagonists are often the ones taking down governments, leading uprisings and overthrowing authorities. Think about The Hunger Games, The Maze Runner, The Giver and every amazing dystopian novel you’ve ever read. These teenagers are on a mission. They better be thinking things through.

Your quick guide to uncovering whether you’re writing middle-grade fiction

Taking into consideration all of the above, I’m sure what you’d really like is a quick and easy guide to help you work out if you’re writing middle grade or YA? Yes? Let’s create just that!

see whether you’re writing young adult books or chapter books for a younger age group

If you’re still stuck, my tip to you would be to read, read, read. Even if you’re not stuck, go ahead and read anyway. There are so many amazing middle-grade and YA books coming out every month!

Head online or, better yet, to your local bookstore and keep up-to-date on what’s coming out. If you’re not sure where to start, here are details of all the books mentioned above and a couple of extra recommendations.

Happy writing!

Krystle’s YA and middle-grade book recommendations

Middle-grade books

  • The Nevermoor series, Jessica Townsend
  • The Goldfish Boy, Lisa Thompson
  • The Train to Impossible Places, P.G. Bell
  • A Kind of Spark, Elle McNicoll
  • The Boy at the Back of the Class, Onjali Q. Raúf
  • Wonder, R.J. Palacio
  • Better Nate Than Ever, Tim Federle
  • Zenobia July, Lisa Bunker
  • Both Can Be True, Jules Machias
  • The House with Chicken Legs, Sophie Anderson
  • Rooftoppers, Katherine Rundell

Young Adult books

  • Unpregnant, Jenni Hendriks
  • Grown, Tiffany D. Jackson
  • The Arc of a Scythe series, Neal Shusterman
  • The Black Flamingo, Dean Atta
  • Simon vs. the Homo Sapiens Agenda, Becky Albertalli
  • Birthday, Meredith Russo
  • Pet, Akwaeke Emezi
  • Eleanor & Park, Rainbow Rowell
  • The Gilded Ones, Namina Forna
  • Children of Blood and Bone, Tomi Adeyemi
  • A Court of Thorns and Roses, Sarah J. Maas
  • Thirteen Reasons Why, Jay Asher
  • Looking for Alaska, John Green
  • All the Bright Places, Jennifer Niven
  • They Both Die at the End, Adam Silvera
  • The Maze Runner series, James Dashner
  • The Hunger Games series, Suzanne Collins
  • The Upper World, Femi Fadugba
  • The Hate U Give, Angie Thomas
  • The Giver, Lois Lowry

For more insights into literary techniques, coaching and a supportive writing community, join us on a creative writing course at The Novelry—the world’s top-rated writing school.

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Krystle Appiah. Former editor at Macmillan

Krystle Appiah

Editor

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Years experience

Krystle Appiah was an Editor at Macmillan Children’s Books, home to authors including Marcus Rashford, Frank Cottrell-Boyce, Tomi Adeyemi, and Julia Donaldson. Krystle began her career at Walker Books, working with New York Times bestselling author Angie Thomas and on the Carnegie Medal-longlisted poetry collection Somebody Give This Heart a Pen by Sophia Thakur. During her time at Macmillan, Krystle worked on a broad range of children’s books, from Sir Lenny Henry’s The Boy with Wings to Padraig Kenny’s The Shadows of Rookhaven, while championing new authors and working toward greater diversity and inclusion. Krystle is also an author and screenwriter. She was one of 40 writers selected for the London Library’s Emerging Writers Programme, and her debut novel Rootless won the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Debut Author. She has a degree in English Literature and Creative Writing from the University of Kent.

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